Seasonal pools form in a variety of ways. The position of a seasonal pool on the landscape can suggest its origin.  A few common origins of seasonal pools in Pennsylvania are discussed below.

Floodplains

Seasonal pools are often formed in the floodplains of streams and rivers.  During floods, a stream will overflow its banks and enter the floodplain where the rushing high waters scour pockets in the floodplain.  Some of these pockets retain water well and become seasonal pools.  The natural meandering of a stream channel across a floodplain over the years can also create seasonal pool habitats in the form of oxbow wetlands.

Glaciers

Glaciers covered the northern part of Pennsylvania during the last ice age.  A map of the glaciated areas of Pennsylvania is available at http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/maps/map59.pdf. Glaciers created many isolated depressions, through the actions of ice melt, scour, and erosion that fill with precipitation and snowmelt.

Sag Ponds

Shallow depressions in limestone regions are called sag ponds.  Sag ponds form in landscapes where easily dissolved bedrock such as limestone is found underneath an impermeable soil layer derived from sandstone.  Over time, groundwater dissolves pockets and holes in the limestone.  Eventually the surface soils ‘sag’ into the depression underneath.  Surface water gathers in the depression but the impermeable layer in the soil restricts surface water infiltration and creates a perched water table.

Pingos

In the mountainous headwaters of periglacial areas, a common feature is the pingo.  Pingos are formed by freezing and thawing processes on moist slopes.  The upper layers of soil thaw first and slowly slide over underlying frozen soils.  The resulting landscape appears to be scarred with crescent shaped wetlands.  Open canopied pingos are often full of marshy vegetation.  Pingo seasonal pools frequently have groundwater influences that extend their hydroperiod.

Human activities

Some seasonal pools are created deliberately by people who wish to create wildlife habitat or to replace a seasonal pool that was destroyed.  Other pools are inadvertently created during human activities.  Artificially created pools can support seasonal pool wildlife if the surrounding upland habitat is relatively intact and the water quality of the artificial pool is adequate.  Seasonal pools can form in pits dug during surface mining operations, borrow pits, roadside ditches, agricultural fields, and other artificially created shallow depressions that hold water long enough to support seasonal pool wildlife.